agriculture and urbanization
AGRICULTURElivestock and poultry
agriculture aquaculture
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What happens when food is overabundant?
Overnutrition: Food energy intake exceeds energy use and causes excess body fat
–Similar health problems to those who are underfed
»Lower life expectancy
»Greater susceptibility to disease and illness
»Lower productivity and life quality
–Similar health problems to those who are underfed
»Lower life expectancy
»Greater susceptibility to disease and illness
»Lower productivity and life quality
How have we farmed in the past?
The first agricultural revolution began as early as 9000 BC
–Nomads à Settlements
–Cross pollination first began
–Grew enough to support
family & trade
–Nomads à Settlements
–Cross pollination first began
–Grew enough to support
family & trade
How did the Green Revolution change farming?
GOALS: METHODS: VISION: Treat agriculture as a business (agribusiness). Plant a large amount of
–STOP HUNGER –New, high-yield grain varieties a single species (monocropping)
–INCREASE crop yield –Pesticides
–Minimize Crop Losses/Failure –Fertilizers DRAWBACKS:
–Better Management Practices –Too expensive
–More technologically advanced machinery –Air, soil, and water pollution due to toxic chemicals
–Uneven distribution—poorer countries still can’t transport food
–STOP HUNGER –New, high-yield grain varieties a single species (monocropping)
–INCREASE crop yield –Pesticides
–Minimize Crop Losses/Failure –Fertilizers DRAWBACKS:
–Better Management Practices –Too expensive
–More technologically advanced machinery –Air, soil, and water pollution due to toxic chemicals
–Uneven distribution—poorer countries still can’t transport food
Practices of Conventional Farming (Since Green Revolution)
Maximize Output—High Efficiency
Minimize Space
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOS)
Genetically Modified Crops (temperature and chemical resistance)
Heavy equipment (Fossil Fuels)
Chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers)
Minimize Space
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOS)
Genetically Modified Crops (temperature and chemical resistance)
Heavy equipment (Fossil Fuels)
Chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers)
Sustainable Farming Practices
•Sustainable Output
•Takes more Space
•Pasture/Rangeland Feeding
•Incorporates more human and animal labor
•Minimize Chemical Usage (Biochemicals)
•POLYCULTURE
•Takes more Space
•Pasture/Rangeland Feeding
•Incorporates more human and animal labor
•Minimize Chemical Usage (Biochemicals)
•POLYCULTURE
Benefits
Conventional Sustainable
•Lower food costs •Healthier for humans and organisms alike
•Fast production times (more growing seasons in a given year) •Higher quality foods (in terms of energy)
•Meets increased demand •Conserves energy and water resources
•Lower biodiversity/environmental impact
•Lower food costs •Healthier for humans and organisms alike
•Fast production times (more growing seasons in a given year) •Higher quality foods (in terms of energy)
•Meets increased demand •Conserves energy and water resources
•Lower biodiversity/environmental impact
Risks/Impact
Conventional Sustainable
•Biodiversity/Habitat Degradation •Higher food costs
•Soil, Water, and Air Pollution •Low yield
•Erosion/Desertification •Decreased availability
•Energy and Water Loss •More susceptible to storms, pests, changes in environment, etc.
•Contamination of Human Foods
•Pesticide and Antibiotic Resistance
•Biodiversity/Habitat Degradation •Higher food costs
•Soil, Water, and Air Pollution •Low yield
•Erosion/Desertification •Decreased availability
•Energy and Water Loss •More susceptible to storms, pests, changes in environment, etc.
•Contamination of Human Foods
•Pesticide and Antibiotic Resistance
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See Some Examples
urbanization
„Large town with a growing suburbs
„Depend on resources outside the city
„Why are big cities growing?
„Increase in birth rates
„Immigration – poor are moving to larger cities and away from rural areas
„Cities have grown from 2% to 45% since 1950
„By 2050 66% of all people in the world will live in urban areas.
Fact- 75% of the US population lives in urban areas occupying 3% of the country’s land area
„Depend on resources outside the city
„Why are big cities growing?
„Increase in birth rates
„Immigration – poor are moving to larger cities and away from rural areas
„Cities have grown from 2% to 45% since 1950
„By 2050 66% of all people in the world will live in urban areas.
Fact- 75% of the US population lives in urban areas occupying 3% of the country’s land area
How do we use land?
Industrial Uses
Clear cut land to place industrial plants
Hazardous Waste produced
Thermal Pollution – water too hot
Chemical waste
Housing and development
New subdivisions are cropping up due to the population growth in areas.
Land is cleared for commercial use (retail businesses and medical facilities)
Clear cut land to place industrial plants
Hazardous Waste produced
Thermal Pollution – water too hot
Chemical waste
Housing and development
New subdivisions are cropping up due to the population growth in areas.
Land is cleared for commercial use (retail businesses and medical facilities)
What are Heat Islands?
Heat Islands: The enormous amount of heat generated creates an urban heat island
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS WITH URBAN DEVELOPMENT?
BENEFITS PROBLEMS
Better education system Infectious diseases
Medical services Inadequate water system
Social service programs Poor sewer systems
Exposure to pollution
Better education system Infectious diseases
Medical services Inadequate water system
Social service programs Poor sewer systems
Exposure to pollution
What is Population growth?
![Picture](/uploads/5/9/3/7/59376597/5114035.png?453)
WHEN POPULATION GROWS!!!
Fact-Current Population Rate in the US is over 300 million. World population is over 7 billion.
Fact-Current Population Rate in the US is over 300 million. World population is over 7 billion.
What is Carrying capacity?
![Picture](/uploads/5/9/3/7/59376597/6756660_orig.jpg)
Carrying Capacity – maximum number of individuals the environment can support
What is Smart Growth?
Smart growth
Reduces dependence on cars
Controls and directs sprawl
Cuts wasteful resource use
ENCOURAGE THIS WHILE IT LASTS!!!
Reduces dependence on cars
Controls and directs sprawl
Cuts wasteful resource use
ENCOURAGE THIS WHILE IT LASTS!!!