ROCK AND ROLL CYCLE
scientific methodAsk a Question.
Do Background Research. Construct a Hypothesis. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion. Communicate Your Results. |
lab safty1. keep hair and loose clothing tied back
2. use safety goggles when using chemicals or sharp objects and stuff like that 3. always know where safety equipment are 4. no eating or drinking exposed food or drinks 5. in case of an accident tell a teacher 6. work with a partner if possible 7. clean work space 8. don't have consumables with chemicals 9. where gloves when handling stuff bad for holding 10. wear lab coats in case of any spills on the clothing |
earth systems land, water, living things, or air
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![Picture](/uploads/5/9/3/7/59376597/5957435.jpg?250)
- Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
- Metamorphic rocks are created by heat and pressure of an igneous or sediment
- Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment is dropped from one place to another or deposited by air, ice, wind, gravity, or water
- Sediment is formed when weathering and erosion break down a rock of any type and makes it into little particles
![Picture](/uploads/5/9/3/7/59376597/4041095.jpg?250)
The spynx and pyramids in Egypt are formed of sedimentary rock
![Picture](/uploads/5/9/3/7/59376597/6499378.jpg?250)
The Mt. Rushmore presidents were all formed of Igneous rock
![Picture](/uploads/5/9/3/7/59376597/1442579465.png?250)
The Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C was formed of limestone which is a metamorphic type rock
Two high school kids burned in lab accident
"Two 10th-graders at Manhattan’s award-winning Beacon School were injured Thursday morning when a routine lab experiment went horribly awry, leaving one boy with serious burns."
Mass movement/ soil
Mass movement or mass wasting refers to several processes that have the following in common:
CAUSES
Down slope movement of rock or weathered material, Movement is due to pull of gravity, There is no flowing medium (water, air or ice) that carries the material.
Generally, mass wasting occurs when gravitational forces exceed frictional or shear forces (strength) of material.
HOW IT THIS IMPORTANT
Processes represent a significant hazard to property and people, Need to identify where and under what conditions these processes occur, Avoid construction in areas prone to mass wasting or attempt to prevent mass wasting
DRIVING FORCE BEHIND MASS WASTING
Weight (amount) of material on slope, Resistance of the material, Steepness of slope, Saturation (water holds particles together, but too much water acts as a lubricant), Biological factors such as vegetation, Triggers (weakened planes)
POSSIBLY TRIGGERED BY-
1. Earthquake
2. Construction work (blasting)
3. Flooding
HOW MASS MOVEMENT IS CLASSIFIED
Creep: slow and steady movement of small particles
Flows (mudflows): materials move as though they are a thick liquid
Slides: rapid movement of a block of rock, soil, and debris; also called debris avalanches
Slumps: rapid slide of materials along a curved surface
Avalanches: landslides that occur in mountainous areas with thick accumulations of snow
Rock falls: Sporadic, rapid movement of large, loose materials
DEPOSITS OF MASS MOVEMENT
Mass wasting produces sediment deposits.
These deposits commonly contain a wide range of sizes of particles (they are "unsorted").
The deposits do not show layering (they are "unstratified")
HOW DO MASS MOVEMENTS EFFECT PEOPLE
Humans contribute to mass movement through activities such as road and building construction and poor land maintenance (ie septic tanks)
Humans and property are also in potential danger of mass movement events, especially in areas of steep slopes, supersaturated soils, and natural triggers like tectonic plate movement
HOW DO WE PREVENT MASS MOVEMENT?
This is NOT possible.
A better question is “how do we lessen the effects” of mass wasting?
•1. Remove weight from slope
•2. Vegetation
•3. Drainage systems to divert running water
•4. Cables and anchoring systems (steel likes and fences)
SOIL
is a loose mixture of rock fragments, organic matter, water and air
we as humans are directly and indirectly dependent on soils
HOW DOES THIS FORM?
begins with bedrock
organisms live among them
organisms fertilizer soil
living things decompose forming Humus
then larger animals loosen up the mix of particles
SOIL HORIZON
top layer contains more weathered material compared to the lower layers
soil developed from the bedrock below it is residual
A HORIZON-TOPSOIL
B HORIZON-UNDER TOP SOIL AND LESS THAN HUMUS
C HORIZON-THE LAYER OF SOIL IMMEDIATELY BELOW THE SOIL
O HORIZON-THE LAYER WITH THE MOST ORGANIC MATTER PERCENTAGE
SOIL TEXTURE
describes the mixture and make up of the soil
can be defined as sand, silt, or clay
the darker the color the better the organic matter
SOIL FERTILITY
describes how well a plant grows
humus,minerals, and nutrients
CAUSES
Down slope movement of rock or weathered material, Movement is due to pull of gravity, There is no flowing medium (water, air or ice) that carries the material.
Generally, mass wasting occurs when gravitational forces exceed frictional or shear forces (strength) of material.
HOW IT THIS IMPORTANT
Processes represent a significant hazard to property and people, Need to identify where and under what conditions these processes occur, Avoid construction in areas prone to mass wasting or attempt to prevent mass wasting
DRIVING FORCE BEHIND MASS WASTING
Weight (amount) of material on slope, Resistance of the material, Steepness of slope, Saturation (water holds particles together, but too much water acts as a lubricant), Biological factors such as vegetation, Triggers (weakened planes)
POSSIBLY TRIGGERED BY-
1. Earthquake
2. Construction work (blasting)
3. Flooding
HOW MASS MOVEMENT IS CLASSIFIED
Creep: slow and steady movement of small particles
Flows (mudflows): materials move as though they are a thick liquid
Slides: rapid movement of a block of rock, soil, and debris; also called debris avalanches
Slumps: rapid slide of materials along a curved surface
Avalanches: landslides that occur in mountainous areas with thick accumulations of snow
Rock falls: Sporadic, rapid movement of large, loose materials
DEPOSITS OF MASS MOVEMENT
Mass wasting produces sediment deposits.
These deposits commonly contain a wide range of sizes of particles (they are "unsorted").
The deposits do not show layering (they are "unstratified")
HOW DO MASS MOVEMENTS EFFECT PEOPLE
Humans contribute to mass movement through activities such as road and building construction and poor land maintenance (ie septic tanks)
Humans and property are also in potential danger of mass movement events, especially in areas of steep slopes, supersaturated soils, and natural triggers like tectonic plate movement
HOW DO WE PREVENT MASS MOVEMENT?
This is NOT possible.
A better question is “how do we lessen the effects” of mass wasting?
•1. Remove weight from slope
•2. Vegetation
•3. Drainage systems to divert running water
•4. Cables and anchoring systems (steel likes and fences)
SOIL
is a loose mixture of rock fragments, organic matter, water and air
we as humans are directly and indirectly dependent on soils
HOW DOES THIS FORM?
begins with bedrock
organisms live among them
organisms fertilizer soil
living things decompose forming Humus
then larger animals loosen up the mix of particles
SOIL HORIZON
top layer contains more weathered material compared to the lower layers
soil developed from the bedrock below it is residual
A HORIZON-TOPSOIL
B HORIZON-UNDER TOP SOIL AND LESS THAN HUMUS
C HORIZON-THE LAYER OF SOIL IMMEDIATELY BELOW THE SOIL
O HORIZON-THE LAYER WITH THE MOST ORGANIC MATTER PERCENTAGE
SOIL TEXTURE
describes the mixture and make up of the soil
can be defined as sand, silt, or clay
the darker the color the better the organic matter
SOIL FERTILITY
describes how well a plant grows
humus,minerals, and nutrients