waste and recources
WASTE
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Open Dump
Unsanitary, draws pests and vermin, harmful runoff and leachates, toxic gases
Still accounts for half of solid waste
Several thousand open dumps in the USA
Still accounts for half of solid waste
Several thousand open dumps in the USA
Sanitary Landfill
–Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth once a day and a thicker layer when the site is full
–Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of leachates: can cause problem by overflow
–Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting
–1 acre/10,000 people: acute space problem: wastes piling up over 150 million tons/year;
–# of landfills down from 8000(1988) to 3091(1996)
–Methane Production
Avoid:
–Swampy area/ Flood plains /coastal areas
–Fractures or porous rocks
–High water table
Prefer:
–Clay layers
–Heads of gullies
–Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of leachates: can cause problem by overflow
–Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting
–1 acre/10,000 people: acute space problem: wastes piling up over 150 million tons/year;
–# of landfills down from 8000(1988) to 3091(1996)
–Methane Production
Avoid:
–Swampy area/ Flood plains /coastal areas
–Fractures or porous rocks
–High water table
Prefer:
–Clay layers
–Heads of gullies
Monitoring of Sanitary Landfills
Gases: Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen sulphide
Heavy Metals: Lead, Chromium in soil
Soluble substances: chloride, nitrate, sulfate
Surface Run-offs
Vegetation: may pick up toxic substances
Plant residue in soil
Paper/plastics etc – blown by the wind
Heavy Metals: Lead, Chromium in soil
Soluble substances: chloride, nitrate, sulfate
Surface Run-offs
Vegetation: may pick up toxic substances
Plant residue in soil
Paper/plastics etc – blown by the wind
Incineration
Solves space problem but:
–produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2
–High temp furnaces break down hazardous compounds but are expensive ($75 - $2K/ton)
–Heat generated can be recovered: % of waste burnt
•Japan 67%, Switzerland 80%, USA 6%
–North Little Rock, AK saving $50K in heating cost and reducing landfill requirement by 95%
–How many MSW combustors exist in the United States? In 1996, 110 combustors with energy recovery existed with the capacity to burn up to 100,000 tons of MSW per day.
–produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2
–High temp furnaces break down hazardous compounds but are expensive ($75 - $2K/ton)
–Heat generated can be recovered: % of waste burnt
•Japan 67%, Switzerland 80%, USA 6%
–North Little Rock, AK saving $50K in heating cost and reducing landfill requirement by 95%
–How many MSW combustors exist in the United States? In 1996, 110 combustors with energy recovery existed with the capacity to burn up to 100,000 tons of MSW per day.
Ocean Dumping
Out of sight, free of emission control norms
Contributes to ocean pollution
Can wash back on beaches, and can cause death of marine mammals
Preferred method: incineration in open sea
Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988: bans dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste
Dredge spoils still dumped in oceans, can cause habitat destruction and export of fluvial pollutants
Contributes to ocean pollution
Can wash back on beaches, and can cause death of marine mammals
Preferred method: incineration in open sea
Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988: bans dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste
Dredge spoils still dumped in oceans, can cause habitat destruction and export of fluvial pollutants
See Some Examples
Auto batteries: 99.2%
Office Type Papers: 70.9% Yard Trimmings: 64.7% Steel Cans: 62.8% Aluminum Beer and Soft Drink Cans: 48.2% Tires: 35.4% HDPE Natural (White Translucent) Bottles: 29.3% Glass Containers: 28.0% PET Bottles and Jars: 27.2% |
In 1996, recycling of solid waste in the United States prevented the release of 33 million tons of carbon into the air—roughly the amount emitted annually by 25 million cars.
1 ton of newspaper=18 trees, 3 m3 of landfill, 60% less energy. Govt recycling saving 223,000 tons, 4 million trees, $7.4 million |
Recycling: facts and figures
In 1999, recycling and composting activities prevented about 64 million tons of material from ending up in landfills and incinerators. Today, this country recycles 32 percent of its waste, a rate that has almost doubled during the past 15 years.
50 percent of all paper, 34 percent of all plastic soft drink bottles, 45 percent of all aluminum beer and soft drink cans, 63 percent of all steel packaging, and 67 percent of all major appliances are now recycled.
Twenty years ago, only one curbside recycling program existed in the United States, which collected several materials at the curb. By 2005, almost 9,000 curbside programs had sprouted up across the nation. As of 2005, about 500 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.
50 percent of all paper, 34 percent of all plastic soft drink bottles, 45 percent of all aluminum beer and soft drink cans, 63 percent of all steel packaging, and 67 percent of all major appliances are now recycled.
Twenty years ago, only one curbside recycling program existed in the United States, which collected several materials at the curb. By 2005, almost 9,000 curbside programs had sprouted up across the nation. As of 2005, about 500 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.
What is Liquid Waste?
Sewage
Highly toxic Industrial Waste & Used Oil
–Dilute and Disperse
–Concentrate and Contain
–Secure Landfill
Sealed drums to be put in impermeable holds with monitoring wells to check for leakage: does not work
–Deep well Disposal
Pumping in deep porous layer bounded by impermeable formations, well below water table
$1 million to drill, $15-20/ton afterwards
Restricted by geological considerations, can trigger earthquakes
Highly toxic Industrial Waste & Used Oil
–Dilute and Disperse
–Concentrate and Contain
–Secure Landfill
Sealed drums to be put in impermeable holds with monitoring wells to check for leakage: does not work
–Deep well Disposal
Pumping in deep porous layer bounded by impermeable formations, well below water table
$1 million to drill, $15-20/ton afterwards
Restricted by geological considerations, can trigger earthquakes
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recyclecity.doc | |
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Chapter 12 “Waste” Notes—Guiding Questions
p. 303-309
(1) What is solid waste? How much of it do we produce in the U.S. each year? Any solid material that is not a liquid or a gas/≈10 billion tons
(2) Why has the amount of waste produced doubled in the U.S. since the 1960s? many products are designed for one time use only
(3) Compare and contrast bio-degradable versus non bio-degradable materials. Provide an example of each as well. A bio-degradable is a material that can be broken down by living things (paper)/ things that cannot be broken down by living things (plastic).
(4) Where does most of our solid waste come from (about 70%)? Manufacturing and mining
(5) What is municipal solid waste? What makes up the largest portion of this waste (Figure 12-8)? Municipal solid waste is the trash that is produced by households and business/ Paper and cardboard.
(6) What percentage of our trash is recycled? Over 25%
(7) Where does our trash that is not recycled go (you can use Figure 12-9)? to a land fill or it is incinerated
(8) Describe three problems with storing waste in landfills. Leachate, methane, smells
(9) When is NC estimated to run out of landfill space (use Figure 12-12)? 5-10 years
(10) Describe two problems with incinerating waste.it doesn’t disappear pollution.
p. 303-309
(1) What is solid waste? How much of it do we produce in the U.S. each year? Any solid material that is not a liquid or a gas/≈10 billion tons
(2) Why has the amount of waste produced doubled in the U.S. since the 1960s? many products are designed for one time use only
(3) Compare and contrast bio-degradable versus non bio-degradable materials. Provide an example of each as well. A bio-degradable is a material that can be broken down by living things (paper)/ things that cannot be broken down by living things (plastic).
(4) Where does most of our solid waste come from (about 70%)? Manufacturing and mining
(5) What is municipal solid waste? What makes up the largest portion of this waste (Figure 12-8)? Municipal solid waste is the trash that is produced by households and business/ Paper and cardboard.
(6) What percentage of our trash is recycled? Over 25%
(7) Where does our trash that is not recycled go (you can use Figure 12-9)? to a land fill or it is incinerated
(8) Describe three problems with storing waste in landfills. Leachate, methane, smells
(9) When is NC estimated to run out of landfill space (use Figure 12-12)? 5-10 years
(10) Describe two problems with incinerating waste.it doesn’t disappear pollution.